Ile Ife (Nigeria) History and Archaeology

Ile Ife (Nigeria) History and Archaeology Ile-Ife (pronounced EE-lay EE-fay), and known as Ife or Ife-Lodun is an ancient urban center, a Yoruba city in Osun state in southwestern Nigeria, about 135 northeast of Lagos. First occupied at least as early as the 1st millennium CE, it was most populous and important to the Ife culture during the 14th and 15th centuries CE, and it is considered the traditional birthplace of the Yoruba civilization, of the latter part of the African Iron Age. Today it is a thriving metropolis, with a population of about 350,000 people. Key Takeaways: Ile-Ife Ile-Ife is a Medieval period site in Nigeria, occupied between the 11th and 15th centuries CE.  It is considered the ancestral home of the Yoruba people.  Residents made naturalistic Benin bronzes, terracotta and copper allow sculptures.  Evidence at the site shows local manufacture of  glass beads, adobe brick houses, and potsherd pavements.   Prehistoric Chronology Pre-Classical (also known as Pre-Pavement), ?–11th centuriesClassical (Pavement), 12th–15th centuriesPost-Classic (Post-Pavement), 15th–17th centuries During its heyday of the 12th–15th centuries CE, Ile-Ife experienced a fluorescence in bronze and iron arts. Beautiful naturalistic terracotta and copper alloy sculptures made during the early periods have been found at Ife; later sculptures are of the lost-wax brass technique known as Benin bronzes. The bronzes are thought to represent rulers, priests, and other notable people during the citys florescence as a regional power. It was also during Classic period Ile Ife that construction of decorative pavements, open-air courtyards paved with pottery sherds. The sherds were set on edge, sometimes in decorative patterns, such as herringbone with embedded ritual pots. The pavements are unique to the Yoruba and believed to have been first commissioned by Ile-Ifes only female king. The Ife period buildings at Ile-Ife were constructed primarily of sun-dried adobe brick and so only a few remnants have survived. During the medieval period, two earthen rampart walls were erected around the city center, making Ile-Ife what archaeologists call a fortified settlement. The royal center had a circumference of about 2.5 miles, and its inner-most wall encircles an area of some three square miles. A second medieval period wall encircles an area of some five sq mi; both medieval walls are ~15 feet tall and 6.5 ft thick. Glass Works In 2010, excavations were undertaken in the northeastern part of the site by Abidemi Babatunde Babalola and colleagues who identified evidence that Ile Ife was making glass beads for its own consumption and for trade. The city had long been associated with glass processing and glass beads, but the excavations recovered almost 13,000 glass beads and several pounds of glassworking debris. The beads here have a unique chemical makeup, of contrasting levels of soda and potassium and high levels of alumina. The beads were made by drawing a long tube of glass and cutting it into lengths, mostly under two-tenths of an inch. Most of the finished beads were cylinders or oblates, the rest are tubes. Bead colors are primarily blue or blue-green, with a smaller percentage of colorless, green, yellow, or multicolored. A few are opaque, in yellow, dark red or dark gray. Bead-making manufacturing is indicated by pounds of glass waste and cullet, 14,000 potsherds. and fragments of several pottery crucibles. The vitrified ceramic crucibles are between 6 and 13 inches tall, with a mouth diameter of between 3–4 inches, which would have held between 5-40 pounds of molten glass.   The production site was used between the 11th and 15th centuries and represents rare evidence of early West African crafts. Archaeology at Ile-Ife Excavations at Ile Ife have been conducted by F. Willett, E. Ekpo and P.S. Garlake. Historical records also exist and have been used to study migration patterns of the Yoruba civilization. Sources and Further Information Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde, et al. Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads from Igbo Olokun, Ile-Ife (Sw Nigeria): New Light on Raw Materials, Production, and Interregional Interactions. Journal of Archaeological Science 90 (2018): 92–105. Print.Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde, et al. Ile-Ife and Igbo Olokun in the History of Glass in West Africa. Antiquity 91.357 (2017): 732–50. Print.Ige, O.A., B.A. Ogunfolakana, and E.O.B.  Ajayi. Chemical Characterization of Some Potsherd Pavements from Parts of Yorubaland in Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.1 (2009): 90–99. Print.Ige, O.A., and Samuel E.  Swanson. Provenance Studies of Esie Sculptural Soapstone from Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Archaeological Science 35.6 (2008): 1553–65. Print.Obayemi, Ade M. Between Nok, Ile-Ife and Benin: Progress Report and Prospects. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 10.3 (1980): 79–94. Print.Ogundiran, Akinwumi. Four Millennia of Cultura l History in Nigeria (Ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives. Journal of World Prehistory 19.2 (2005): 133–68. Print. Olupona, Jacob K. City of 201 Gods: Ilà ©-Ife in Time, Space, and the Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. 223-241.Usman, Aribidesi A. On the Frontier of Empire: Understanding the Enclosed Walls in Northern Yoruba, Nigeria. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23 (2004): 119–32. Print.

Within strategic management of business, 'gap analysis' is the process Essay

Within strategic management of business, 'gap analysis' is the process of asking where are we now, where do we want to be - Essay Example At the corporate level, there are challenges from the rival companies, unpredictability of the market, dynamic consumer behaviour, etc. Moreover, political situation of the twenty-first century involves the working of complex democracies together with dynamic economic trends. The recent wave of economic slowdown has helped us to discern the importance of strategy setting and analysis in the context of corporate governance. Strategic management is thus increasingly involving an analytical approach to understand what a company actually does in relation to what it can potentially do. Executive Summary Gap analysis is the process of exploring certain questions in relation to the company’s present, potential and future performances. The paper will examine analytical instrument by interrelating it with the concepts of the strategic management of business. Strategic management and gap analysis are explained. Interrelations between the two processes are chalked out. Case examples are discussed to elucidate these interrelations. The Analytical and Strategic Approaches Introduction: The following discussion would explain and analyse gap analysis and strategic management. Discussion: In economics and business, gap analysis is a sort of tool which would help a corporation to compare its real time performance with the performance it is potentially capable of. This analytical approach is rather question answer based and from the perspective of the company, the questions are: 1. Where are we now? 2. Where do we want to be? 3. How can we get there? Gap analysis helps the company to obtain critical information so that the frontiers of production probabilities are not compromised (Cummins, 2008). The sphere of strategic management, on the other hand, deals with the principle emergent and intended initiations taken in the context of corporate governance which would involve resource allocation and utilisation, performance enhancement and adjustment with the external environ ments (Nag, Hambrick and Chen, 2007). Further, strategic management would refine the company affairs at the level of fierce corporate rivalry (Hamel and Prahalad, 1994). Summary: 1. Discussion on gap analysis 2. Discussion on strategic management Relation between Strategic Management and Gap Analysis Introduction: The following section explores that how gap analysis facilitates the implementation of the concepts of strategic management. Discussion: The main points of strategic management are: 1. Process of strategy development 2. Linking strategic capabilities with the external environment 3. Strategically designing the management, production and marketing processes 4. Optimisation of fiscal performance (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2008) Gap analysis helps the process of strategy development by finding out the difference between the company’s present and potential performances. Gap analysis thus facilitates strategic improvement of HR, R&D, logistics, etc. Gap analysis also relates to the company’s behaviour with respect to the external environment by monitoring its performance in the contemporary circumstances. Gap analysis considers all the processes and project life cycles involved in the functionary of the organisation, hence it helps to improve the management, production, marketing and fiscal activities. When the crucial question of quality control arises, benchmarking for the quest of optimal performance becomes mandatory and thus gap analysis becomes supplementary to the strategic management of business. (Camp, 1989) Gap analysis provides the company with a graphical aid that is used to communicate areas where the firm does not meet a benchmark. Process optimisation, which is a key